How Pearl Diving Shaped Qatar’s Economy and Traditions
More than a century before Qatar became known for its oil and gas wealth, the sea was its primary source of livelihood. Each year, thousands of fishermen plunged into the salty waters of the Gulf to gather pearls—tiny gems that shimmered under the sun and powered the nation’s economy. With every breath held beneath the surface, this industry slowly molded Qatar’s identity, along with the customs and beliefs deeply embedded in its culture.
A Glimpse Into the Past
Pearl diving was the first major source of wealth in Qatar.
It sparked trade across Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.
Coastal communities expanded under a marketplace system centered around pearls.
Traditions such as fidjeri (divers’ songs) and sailing festivals emerged and continue to be observed as part of the nation’s cultural heritage.
Though the industry declined with the rise of cultured pearls, it laid the foundation for Qatar’s modern economy and national character.
Origins of Diving in the Gulf
The practice of gathering pearls in Katara—now Qatar—can be traced as far back as the Sumerian era. However, it gained significant momentum in the late 19th century. During that time, divers would go on up to three trips annually, often when the wind was mild and the sea calm. A diver, or ghais, typically stayed underwater for four minutes, weighed down by a stone tied to his waist to help him descend faster. Upon surfacing, he passed a leather pouch filled with oysters to the saib, or catcher. This cycle repeated from sunrise to dusk.
In 1904, records show that over 900 pearling boats sailed from Doha and nearby shores. Qatar became well-known for its high-quality pearling banks, located far from muddy deltas and enriched by saline waters that nurtured beautiful gems. These pearls were highly sought after in Bombay, Basra, European city-states, and even imperial China. As a result, trade routes expanded and local clans prospered.
Economic Transformation: From Pearls to Global Energy
Before oil was discovered, Qatar relied almost entirely on pearls for national income. Between 1900 and 1925, pearls made up more than two-thirds of the country’s export value. A successful dana (diving season) brought enough earnings to build coral stone houses and stock markets with spices, silk fabrics, and gold. A unique financial system evolved in which pearls became the primary unit of trade.
But when cultured pearls from Japan entered the global market in the 1930s, prices collapsed. Many nakhuda (boat captains) faced financial ruin, and hundreds of divers had to look for other work. Still, the expertise and discipline developed through diving were not lost. Over time, the same skills—courage, navigation, trade negotiation, and sea knowledge—helped Qatar transition swiftly into the oil and gas industry. The daring spirit that once led men to the Gulf’s depths also pushed the nation to explore new energy sources, which now form the backbone of its GDP.
Culture Shaped by the Sea
Pearl diving was not just a source of income—it became central to Qatari society. Each departure of a dhow (boat) was accompanied by fidjeri, a traditional song. With drumbeats and melodies that resembled prayers, these performances boosted morale and strengthened unity among divers. On the shore, young girls mimicked their fathers, playing with shells by the water, turning simple games into a generational bond.
When the boats returned, entire villages celebrated. Lanterns were lit at night, and the smell of incense blended with the freshly opened shells. It was a time to welcome home loved ones. Today, these memories are preserved in the national museum—sharkskin nose clips and foot ropes used by divers are displayed as symbols of endurance and commitment.
Shifting Global Trade and Industry
About four decades before the Second World War, Qatar became a leading supplier of premium pearls to elite markets. London and Paris hosted exhibitions showcasing necklaces crafted from Gulf gems. This attracted merchants from India and Persia, who brought not only goods but also financial systems. One such system was advance payment—an early version of factoring—where boat captains received money upfront in exchange for a share of future pearl finds. This mechanism laid the groundwork for modern venture-based business models.
With the rise of cultured pearls in Japanese labs, luxury markets shifted away from the Gulf. While this hurt traditional diving, it sparked discussions on natural resources versus artificial alternatives. These lessons later guided Qatar’s economic policies: protecting marine biodiversity and diversifying investments globally.
Stories from Divers and Their Families
One story stands out—that of Ali bin Jassim, a young diver from a jeweler’s family. At just twelve, he joined his father on diving trips, carrying a small net frame into the depths until the captain’s call signaled his return. When the business eventually closed, the family sold their dhow and opened the first jewelry store on Doha’s Corniche. That shop remains open today, offering pearl collections in modern designs—a tribute to the past that still resonates in the present.
Qatar Today: Honoring the Past in a Rapidly Growing Nation
While Doha’s skyline rises with modern ambition, echoes of the pearl era still shine through. During National Day, young performers wear colorful thobe garments and sing ancient fidjeri tunes. At the Heritage Village summer festival, visitors can watch divers open shells in live demonstrations, proving the tradition remains alive. Government-backed research programs also focus on oyster farming to maintain marine ecosystems and protect native pearl habitats.
Ways Qatar Keeps Pearl Memories Alive
Antique tools and dhows displayed at the Museum of Islamic Art
The annual Traditional Dhow Festival with international guests
Shell-inspired motifs used in airport design and national postage
Opportunities and Challenges
In an age that increasingly values sustainability, traditional practices that require no fossil fuels are being reevaluated. New projects now aim to invest oil revenue into restoring oyster reefs. These efforts reflect a vision of harmony between people and nature. The rise of eco-pearl tours also supports this. Guests can experience pearl collection in controlled, low-impact environments that protect marine life while supporting local jobs.
The government has also begun funding small businesses that make jewelry inspired by stories of ancestral divers. This effort connects technology, design, and heritage—three elements that work together to keep Qatar’s pearl spirit alive in the modern economy.